On average K 2 O values are less than K air activity concentration, ... showed the highest equivalent thorium concentration (16.22 mg kg −1) and thoron exhalation rate (2138 Bq m −2 h −1), respectively. The summary of soil geochemistry for grouped soil associations is expressed in Table 5. ...Web
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Discussion" OF RESULTS The data in Table 1 are particularly noteworthy for the rather uniform and low thorium and uranium concentrations found in the ordinary orthoquartzites studied. Excluding the three placer-sand samples, the average thorium is 1-7 0-1 p.p.m., the average uranium is 0-45 0-05 p.p.m., and the average Th/U ratio is 3-8 0-8.Web
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The atmospheric mass concentration of thorium ranged from 0.2 to 1.0 ng/m 3, with a mean value of ... The average population-weighted concentrations of 232 Th 230and Th in United States community water supplies derived both from surface and groundwater were <0.01 and <0.04 pCi/L, respectively (Cothern 1987; Cothern et al. 1986). ...Web
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The thorium concentration and the absorbed dose rate values shows an increasing trend towards the northeast along the beach area. The average Th/U values are almost 4.5 times higher than the ...Web
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The mean concentrations of 226 Ra and 40 K in this study are far lower than the international reference standards, while the average value of 232 Th is higher than the international recommended ...Web
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Thorium concentrations in coal fall within a similar 1–4 ppm range, compared to an average crustal abun-dance of approximately 10 ppm. Coals with more than 20 ppm thorium are extremely rare. During coal combustion most of the uranium, tho-rium, and their decay products are released from theWeb
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Thorium Statistics and Information. Statistics and information on the worldwide supply of, demand for, and flow of the mineral commodity thorium. Thorium is a soft, very ductile, …Web
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The granitic rocks which occur in most of the study area contain uranium in the range of 10.2-116 ppm with an average of 35 ppm and thorium between 25.5 and 60.7 ppm with an average of 50 ppm [13Web
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The average concentration was 13.6 ± 7.6 mg kg −1, which is consistent with the estimated average concentration in the earth crust and is then proposed as average basal concentration for this region. A slight disequilibrium has been found between the natural isotopes of thorium due to the semi-arid nature of the areas and climatic factors.Web
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The radium equivalent activity was found to have an average value of 186.8 Bq/kg, with a maximum of 231.5 Bq/kg and a minimum of 18.2 Bq/kg. The Indian average radium, thorium, and potassium concentration values as per the UNSCEAR 2000 report are 29 Bq/kg, 64 Bq/kg and 400 Bq/kg.Web
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Thorium occurs naturally in the earth's crust at an average lithospheric concentration of 8–12 μg/g (ppm). Of the naturally produced thorium isotopes, only 232Th, 230Th, and …Web
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1. Introduction. Radiological hazards in industries involving naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) have become a widespread radiological concern and attracted increased attention from society. 1, 2, 3 Thorium is a radioactive element extensively present in the earth's crust with an average concentration of 7.4 μg/g. 4 As …Web
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States. Thorium concentrations in coal fall within a similar 1–4 ppm range, compared to an average crustal abundance of approximately 10 ppm. Coals with more than 20 ppm thorium are extremely rare. During coal combustion most of the uranium, tho-rium, and their decay products are released from the original coal matrix and are distributed ...Web
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RHP estimated from the concentrations of radioactive elements (A R) vary from 0.13 to 2.1 mW/m 3, with an average 0.71 mW/m 3 and a standard deviation of 0.38 mW/m 3. 50% of these RHP values fall ...Web
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Natural radioactivity concentrations in recent alluvial soils from swampy areas and Tertiary rocks from Jaintiapur were measured using gamma-ray spectrometer equipped with HPGe detector. The average radioactivity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K were 47 ± 6, 64 ± 5 and 762 ± 40 Bqkg−1 in soils, whereas, 25 ± 2, 37 ± 4 and …Web
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average thorium, uranium, and potassium contents (using Birch's heat-generation values), the total radiogenic production of the calc-alkalic Boulder batholith (weighted according to rock ... for concentrations from 0.5 to 1 ppm, the analytical uncertainty may be as great as ± 50 percent. A comparison of thorium and uranium values ob tained ...Web
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The average radioactivity concentration of 226 Ra, 232 Th and 40 K were 47 ± 6, 64 ± 5 and 762 ± 40 Bqkg −1 in soils, whereas ... (1.1 to 4.1) ppm and Thorium concentration was in the range of (6.06 to 22.6) ppm and (4.8 to 14) …Web
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Element Thorium (Th), Group 20, Atomic Number 90, f-block, Mass 232.038. ... the value given is the abundance weighted average. Isotopes Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. ... reserve distribution, production concentration, substitutability, recycling rate and political stability scores. Crustal abundance (ppm) The ...Web
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Thorium concentrations ar e analyzed in less than 100 drill cores, where the average varies between less than 1 and 17 ppm. As there are very few measurements of Th concentrations in westernWeb
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The correlations between exhalation rates of these gases and their parent nuclide exhalation (radium/thorium) concentrations were examined. Finally, indoor radon and thoron and the annual effective dose were calculated from radon/thoron concentrations in the closed chamber. ... (Bq m −3) is the average concentration of thoron in the …Web
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Thorium occurs naturally in the earth's crust at an average lithospheric concentration of 8–12 μg/g (ppm). The typical concentration range of naturally-occurring thorium in soil …Web
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Geochemistry of thorium and thorium minerals. Thorium is widely distributed in nature with an average concentration of 10.5 ppm Th in the upper earth's crust, while the middle crust has an average of 6.5 …Web
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Thorium Isotopic Concentration in Three Occupational Cases and the General Population of Grand Junction, Colorado (pCi/kg) ..... 99 7-1. Regulations and Guidelines Applicable to Thorium..... 113 . THORIUM 1 . CHAPTER 1. RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH ...Web
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The highest values of uranium and thorium concentrations (4053 ± 428 ppm and 33578 ± 873 ppm, respectively) were observed in xenotime and monazite; whereas the lowest value was 5.48 ± 0.86 ppm of uranium recorded in waste (sand) and 9 ± 0.32 ppm of thorium for waste (sand) and pyrite.Web
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Uranium and thorium are common elements in the Earth's crust. They can be found in low concentrations almost everywhere in rock, soil, rivers, and oceans. The Australian continent, through its geological heritage, is endowed with well-above-average concentrations of the uranium and thorium.Web
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The elemental concentrations of uranium, thorium and potassium obtained from the three areas where soil samples were collected are summarized in Table 2. The measured arithmetic mean and stand deviation of elemental concentrations for U 238, T 232 h and K 40 in all the samples studied are 2.29 ± 0.95 ppm, 7.77 ± 3.98 ppm and …Web
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Thorium is a chemical element with the atomic number 90 in the periodic table. The average concentration of this substance in the upper crust of Earth amounts to 10.5 ppm, while thorium concentration in the middle layer (the mantle) is around 6.5 ppm. The core (lowest layer) of the Earth's crust contains 1.2 ppm on average.Web
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The average of the activity concentrations of uranium, thorium, potassium, while radio in soil samples were 11,7 BqKg −1, 33,0 BqKg −1, 424,5 BqKg −1, and 15,59 BqKg −1, respectively, and the activity concentrations of radon in the water were 139.3 and 750.4 Bqm −3, which are within the values allowed by the World Health Organization. TheWeb
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composition. The mean thorium content, 20.3 ppn, and mean Th/D, 3.19, are normal. The most uraniferous and fertile rocks are the peraluminous two- mica granitic suite, although not all two-mica plutons are enriched in uranium. The muscovite-bearing suite has mean uranium content of 22.3 ppm, mean thorium content of 22.8 ppm, and mean Th/U of 2.82.Web
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where Ce is the equilibrium concentration of thorium ions in the solution (mg/L), qe is the amount of adsorbed thorium ions per PZ unit weight at equilibrium state (mg/g), K L is the Langmuir ...Web
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The average thorium concentration in the Earth's crust is about 5.6 ppm (or 5.6 mg/kg). The concentration of thorium is higher in the upper part of the Earth's crust, reaching 10.5 ppm, while its average concentration in the lower layers is 1.2 ppm …Web
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This study demonstrated using yttrium (Y) as an indicator to estimate the total rare earth element and Y contents (REY) in coal-associated samples and to facilitate selection of samples with high REY assays in a fast and inexpensive manner. More than 10 anthracite-associated samples were collected from each of three Pennsylvanian sites …Web
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Establishment of thorium baseline concentration in topsoil from Zacatecas state, Mexico. Although the accepted estimation of the average crustal thorium concentration is around 10.5 mg kg −1, the debate about the thorium distribution in the crust is currently open (McLennan, 2001; Rudnick and Gao, 2014; Williams et al., 2018).Web
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Abstract. Thorium as a potential source fuel for energy generation has gained new attention in the United States, including consideration in the U.S. Congress (Branan, 2008). Thus, it benefits the ...Web
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The average relative errors of thorium concentrations predictions of the strip phase are in the range of 3.23–9.6%, which emphasize the model satisfaction and gives good agreement to the …Web
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containing thorium. Concentrations of thorium in air, food, and drinking water are normally very low. ... the 1980s showed the average population-weighted concentration of . 232. Th and . 230. Th in U.S. community water supplies to be <0.01 and <0.04 pCi/L, respectively.Web
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Sudden changes in concentration were observed, although no correlation with atmospheric pressure was found. The concentrations of radium (226 Ra) and thorium (228 Th) measured in samples collected from surrounding rock body were at average levels for the Earth's crust—about 12 Bq·kg −1 of 226 Ra and 13 Bq·kg −1 of 228 Th.Web
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the average. For Ra-226, about 30 % of the total amount is extracted with ammonium lactate and acetic acid. ... uranium- and thorium concentrations and the contents of clay and organic matter in the soil. The concentration of Th-232 in the soil was strongly correlated to the clay content. ForWeb
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thorium processing, preparation of the ore for use in various products. Thorium (Th) is a dense (11.7 grams per cubic centimetre) silvery metal that is softer …Web
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The average thorium concentration in the Earth's crust is about 5.6 ppm (or 5.6 mg/kg). The concentra- tion of thorium is higher in the upper part of the Earth's crust, reaching …Web
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